build: bundle-libraries.sh: patch bundled ld.so

build: bundle-libraries.sh: patch bundled ld.so

Remove references to /etc/, /lib/ and /usr/ from the bundled ld.so
interpreter using simple binary patching.

This is needed to prevent loading host system libraries such as
libnss_compat.so.2 on foreign systems, which may result in ld.so
inconsistency assertions.

Signed-off-by: Jo-Philipp Wich <jo@mein.io>
(cherry picked from commit a9a43f3d791da40893832616e79bbeed198a1ddb)