package/mtd/src/mtd.c

   1 /*
   2  * mtd - simple memory technology device manipulation tool
   3  *
   4  * Copyright (C) 2005      Waldemar Brodkorb <wbx@dass-it.de>,
   5  * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Felix Fietkau <nbd@openwrt.org>
   6  *
   7  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   8  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2
   9  * as published by the Free Software Foundation.
  10  *
  11  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  12  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  13  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  14  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  15  *
  16  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  17  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  18  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
  19  *
  20  *
  21  * The code is based on the linux-mtd examples.
  22  */
  23
  24 #include <limits.h>
  25 #include <unistd.h>
  26 #include <stdlib.h>
  27 #include <stdio.h>
  28 #include <stdint.h>
  29 #include <signal.h>
  30 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
  31 #include <sys/syscall.h>
  32 #include <fcntl.h>
  33 #include <errno.h>
  34 #include <error.h>
  35 #include <time.h>
  36 #include <string.h>
  37 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
  38 #include <sys/types.h>
  39 #include <sys/param.h>
  40 #include <sys/mount.h>
  41 #include <sys/stat.h>
  42 #include <sys/reboot.h>
  43 #include <linux/reboot.h>
  44 #include <mtd/mtd-user.h>
  45 #include "fis.h"
  46 #include "mtd.h"
  47
  48 #ifndef MTDREFRESH
  49 #define MTDREFRESH      _IO('M', 50)
  50 #endif
  51
  52 #define MAX_ARGS 8
  53 #define JFFS2_DEFAULT_DIR       "" /* directory name without /, empty means root dir */
  54
  55 static char *buf = NULL;
  56 static char *imagefile = NULL;
  57 static char *jffs2file = NULL, *jffs2dir = JFFS2_DEFAULT_DIR;
  58 static int buflen = 0;
  59 int quiet;
  60 int no_erase;
  61 int mtdsize = 0;
  62 int erasesize = 0;
  63
  64 int mtd_open(const char *mtd, bool block)
  65 {
  66         FILE *fp;
  67         char dev[PATH_MAX];
  68         int i;
  69         int ret;
  70         int flags = O_RDWR | O_SYNC;
  71
  72         if ((fp = fopen("/proc/mtd", "r"))) {
  73                 while (fgets(dev, sizeof(dev), fp)) {
  74                         if (sscanf(dev, "mtd%d:", &i) && strstr(dev, mtd)) {
  75                                 snprintf(dev, sizeof(dev), "/dev/mtd%s/%d", (block ? "block" : ""), i);
  76                                 if ((ret=open(dev, flags))<0) {
  77                                         snprintf(dev, sizeof(dev), "/dev/mtd%s%d", (block ? "block" : ""), i);
  78                                         ret=open(dev, flags);
  79                                 }
  80                                 fclose(fp);
  81                                 return ret;
  82                         }
  83                 }
  84                 fclose(fp);
  85         }
  86
  87         return open(mtd, flags);
  88 }
  89
  90 int mtd_check_open(const char *mtd)
  91 {
  92         struct mtd_info_user mtdInfo;
  93         int fd;
  94
  95         fd = mtd_open(mtd, false);
  96         if(fd < 0) {
  97                 fprintf(stderr, "Could not open mtd device: %s\n", mtd);
  98                 return -1;
  99         }
 100
 101         if(ioctl(fd, MEMGETINFO, &mtdInfo)) {
 102                 fprintf(stderr, "Could not get MTD device info from %s\n", mtd);
 103                 close(fd);
 104                 return -1;
 105         }
 106         mtdsize = mtdInfo.size;
 107         erasesize = mtdInfo.erasesize;
 108
 109         return fd;
 110 }
 111
 112 int mtd_erase_block(int fd, int offset)
 113 {
 114         struct erase_info_user mtdEraseInfo;
 115
 116         mtdEraseInfo.start = offset;
 117         mtdEraseInfo.length = erasesize;
 118         ioctl(fd, MEMUNLOCK, &mtdEraseInfo);
 119         if (ioctl (fd, MEMERASE, &mtdEraseInfo) < 0)
 120                 return -1;
 121
 122         return 0;
 123 }
 124
 125 int mtd_write_buffer(int fd, const char *buf, int offset, int length)
 126 {
 127         lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET);
 128         write(fd, buf, length);
 129         return 0;
 130 }
 131
 132
 133 static int
 134 image_check(int imagefd, const char *mtd)
 135 {
 136         int ret = 1;
 137         if (trx_check) {
 138           ret = trx_check(imagefd, mtd, buf, &buflen);
 139         }
 140         return ret;
 141 }
 142
 143 static int mtd_check(const char *mtd)
 144 {
 145         char *next = NULL;
 146         char *str = NULL;
 147         int fd;
 148
 149         if (strchr(mtd, ':')) {
 150                 str = strdup(mtd);
 151                 mtd = str;
 152         }
 153
 154         do {
 155                 next = strchr(mtd, ':');
 156                 if (next) {
 157                         *next = 0;
 158                         next++;
 159                 }
 160
 161                 fd = mtd_check_open(mtd);
 162                 if (fd < 0)
 163                         return 0;
 164
 165                 if (!buf)
 166                         buf = malloc(erasesize);
 167
 168                 close(fd);
 169                 mtd = next;
 170         } while (next);
 171
 172         if (str)
 173                 free(str);
 174
 175         return 1;
 176 }
 177
 178 static int
 179 mtd_unlock(const char *mtd)
 180 {
 181         struct erase_info_user mtdLockInfo;
 182         char *next = NULL;
 183         char *str = NULL;
 184         int fd;
 185
 186         if (strchr(mtd, ':')) {
 187                 str = strdup(mtd);
 188                 mtd = str;
 189         }
 190
 191         do {
 192                 next = strchr(mtd, ':');
 193                 if (next) {
 194                         *next = 0;
 195                         next++;
 196                 }
 197
 198                 fd = mtd_check_open(mtd);
 199                 if(fd < 0) {
 200                         fprintf(stderr, "Could not open mtd device: %s\n", mtd);
 201                         exit(1);
 202                 }
 203
 204                 if (quiet < 2)
 205                         fprintf(stderr, "Unlocking %s ...\n", mtd);
 206
 207                 mtdLockInfo.start = 0;
 208                 mtdLockInfo.length = mtdsize;
 209                 ioctl(fd, MEMUNLOCK, &mtdLockInfo);
 210                 close(fd);
 211                 mtd = next;
 212         } while (next);
 213
 214         if (str)
 215                 free(str);
 216
 217         return 0;
 218 }
 219
 220 static int
 221 mtd_erase(const char *mtd)
 222 {
 223         int fd;
 224         struct erase_info_user mtdEraseInfo;
 225
 226         if (quiet < 2)
 227                 fprintf(stderr, "Erasing %s ...\n", mtd);
 228
 229         fd = mtd_check_open(mtd);
 230         if(fd < 0) {
 231                 fprintf(stderr, "Could not open mtd device: %s\n", mtd);
 232                 exit(1);
 233         }
 234
 235         mtdEraseInfo.length = erasesize;
 236
 237         for (mtdEraseInfo.start = 0;
 238                  mtdEraseInfo.start < mtdsize;
 239                  mtdEraseInfo.start += erasesize) {
 240
 241                 ioctl(fd, MEMUNLOCK, &mtdEraseInfo);
 242                 if(ioctl(fd, MEMERASE, &mtdEraseInfo))
 243                         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to erase block on %s at 0x%x\n", mtd, mtdEraseInfo.start);
 244         }
 245
 246         close(fd);
 247         return 0;
 248
 249 }
 250
 251 static int
 252 mtd_refresh(const char *mtd)
 253 {
 254         int fd;
 255
 256         if (quiet < 2)
 257                 fprintf(stderr, "Refreshing mtd partition %s ... ", mtd);
 258
 259         fd = mtd_check_open(mtd);
 260         if(fd < 0) {
 261                 fprintf(stderr, "Could not open mtd device: %s\n", mtd);
 262                 exit(1);
 263         }
 264
 265         if (ioctl(fd, MTDREFRESH, NULL)) {
 266                 fprintf(stderr, "Failed to refresh the MTD device\n");
 267                 close(fd);
 268                 exit(1);
 269         }
 270         close(fd);
 271
 272         if (quiet < 2)
 273                 fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 274
 275         return 0;
 276 }
 277
 278 static void
 279 indicate_writing(const char *mtd)
 280 {
 281         if (quiet < 2)
 282                 fprintf(stderr, "\nWriting from %s to %s ... ", imagefile, mtd);
 283
 284         if (!quiet)
 285                 fprintf(stderr, " [ ]");
 286 }
 287
 288 static int
 289 mtd_write(int imagefd, const char *mtd, char *fis_layout, size_t part_offset)
 290 {
 291         char *next = NULL;
 292         char *str = NULL;
 293         int fd, result;
 294         ssize_t r, w, e;
 295         ssize_t skip = 0;
 296         uint32_t offset = 0;
 297
 298 #ifdef FIS_SUPPORT
 299         static struct fis_part new_parts[MAX_ARGS];
 300         static struct fis_part old_parts[MAX_ARGS];
 301         int n_new = 0, n_old = 0;
 302
 303         if (fis_layout) {
 304                 const char *tmp = mtd;
 305                 char *word, *brkt;
 306                 int ret;
 307
 308                 memset(&old_parts, 0, sizeof(old_parts));
 309                 memset(&new_parts, 0, sizeof(new_parts));
 310
 311                 do {
 312                         next = strchr(tmp, ':');
 313                         if (!next)
 314                                 next = (char *) tmp + strlen(tmp);
 315
 316                         memcpy(old_parts[n_old].name, tmp, next - tmp);
 317
 318                         n_old++;
 319                         tmp = next + 1;
 320                 } while(*next);
 321
 322                 for (word = strtok_r(fis_layout, ",", &brkt);
 323                      word;
 324                          word = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &brkt)) {
 325
 326                         tmp = strtok(word, ":");
 327                         strncpy((char *) new_parts[n_new].name, tmp, sizeof(new_parts[n_new].name) - 1);
 328
 329                         tmp = strtok(NULL, ":");
 330                         if (!tmp)
 331                                 goto next;
 332
 333                         new_parts[n_new].size = strtoul(tmp, NULL, 0);
 334
 335                         tmp = strtok(NULL, ":");
 336                         if (!tmp)
 337                                 goto next;
 338
 339                         new_parts[n_new].loadaddr = strtoul(tmp, NULL, 16);
 340 next:
 341                         n_new++;
 342                 }
 343                 ret = fis_validate(old_parts, n_old, new_parts, n_new);
 344                 if (ret < 0) {
 345                         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to validate the new FIS partition table\n");
 346                         exit(1);
 347                 }
 348                 if (ret == 0)
 349                         fis_layout = NULL;
 350         }
 351 #endif
 352
 353         if (strchr(mtd, ':')) {
 354                 str = strdup(mtd);
 355                 mtd = str;
 356         }
 357
 358         r = 0;
 359
 360 resume:
 361         next = strchr(mtd, ':');
 362         if (next) {
 363                 *next = 0;
 364                 next++;
 365         }
 366
 367         fd = mtd_check_open(mtd);
 368         if(fd < 0) {
 369                 fprintf(stderr, "Could not open mtd device: %s\n", mtd);
 370                 exit(1);
 371         }
 372
 373         if (part_offset > 0) {
 374                 fprintf(stderr, "Seeking on mtd device '%s' to: %u\n", mtd, part_offset);
 375                 lseek(fd, part_offset, SEEK_SET);
 376         }
 377
 378         indicate_writing(mtd);
 379
 380         w = e = 0;
 381         for (;;) {
 382                 /* buffer may contain data already (from trx check or last mtd partition write attempt) */
 383                 while (buflen < erasesize) {
 384                         r = read(imagefd, buf + buflen, erasesize - buflen);
 385                         if (r < 0) {
 386                                 if ((errno == EINTR) || (errno == EAGAIN))
 387                                         continue;
 388                                 else {
 389                                         perror("read");
 390                                         break;
 391                                 }
 392                         }
 393
 394                         if (r == 0)
 395                                 break;
 396
 397                         buflen += r;
 398                 }
 399
 400                 if (buflen == 0)
 401                         break;
 402
 403                 if (skip > 0) {
 404                         skip -= buflen;
 405                         buflen = 0;
 406                         if (skip <= 0)
 407                                 indicate_writing(mtd);
 408
 409                         continue;
 410                 }
 411
 412                 if (jffs2file) {
 413                         if (memcmp(buf, JFFS2_EOF, sizeof(JFFS2_EOF) - 1) == 0) {
 414                                 if (!quiet)
 415                                         fprintf(stderr, "\b\b\b   ");
 416                                 if (quiet < 2)
 417                                         fprintf(stderr, "\nAppending jffs2 data from %s to %s...", jffs2file, mtd);
 418                                 /* got an EOF marker - this is the place to add some jffs2 data */
 419                                 skip = mtd_replace_jffs2(mtd, fd, e, jffs2file);
 420
 421                                 /* don't add it again */
 422                                 jffs2file = NULL;
 423
 424                                 w += skip;
 425                                 e += skip;
 426                                 skip -= buflen;
 427                                 buflen = 0;
 428                                 offset = 0;
 429                                 continue;
 430                         }
 431                         /* no EOF marker, make sure we figure out the last inode number
 432                          * before appending some data */
 433                         mtd_parse_jffs2data(buf, jffs2dir);
 434                 }
 435
 436                 /* need to erase the next block before writing data to it */
 437                 if(!no_erase)
 438                 {
 439                         while (w + buflen > e) {
 440                                 if (!quiet)
 441                                         fprintf(stderr, "\b\b\b[e]");
 442
 443
 444                                 if (mtd_erase_block(fd, e) < 0) {
 445                                         if (next) {
 446                                                 if (w < e) {
 447                                                         write(fd, buf + offset, e - w);
 448                                                         offset = e - w;
 449                                                 }
 450                                                 w = 0;
 451                                                 e = 0;
 452                                                 close(fd);
 453                                                 mtd = next;
 454                                                 fprintf(stderr, "\b\b\b   \n");
 455                                                 goto resume;
 456                                         } else {
 457                                                 fprintf(stderr, "Failed to erase block\n");
 458                                                 exit(1);
 459                                         }
 460                                 }
 461
 462                                 /* erase the chunk */
 463                                 e += erasesize;
 464                         }
 465                 }
 466
 467                 if (!quiet)
 468                         fprintf(stderr, "\b\b\b[w]");
 469
 470                 if ((result = write(fd, buf + offset, buflen)) < buflen) {
 471                         if (result < 0) {
 472                                 fprintf(stderr, "Error writing image.\n");
 473                                 exit(1);
 474                         } else {
 475                                 fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient space.\n");
 476                                 exit(1);
 477                         }
 478                 }
 479                 w += buflen;
 480
 481                 buflen = 0;
 482                 offset = 0;
 483         }
 484
 485         if (!quiet)
 486                 fprintf(stderr, "\b\b\b\b    ");
 487
 488 done:
 489         if (quiet < 2)
 490                 fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 491
 492 #ifdef FIS_SUPPORT
 493         if (fis_layout) {
 494                 if (fis_remap(old_parts, n_old, new_parts, n_new) < 0)
 495                         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to update the FIS partition table\n");
 496         }
 497 #endif
 498
 499         close(fd);
 500         return 0;
 501 }
 502
 503 static void usage(void)
 504 {
 505         fprintf(stderr, "Usage: mtd [<options> ...] <command> [<arguments> ...] <device>[:<device>...]\n\n"
 506         "The device is in the format of mtdX (eg: mtd4) or its label.\n"
 507         "mtd recognizes these commands:\n"
 508         "        unlock                  unlock the device\n"
 509         "        refresh                 refresh mtd partition\n"
 510         "        erase                   erase all data on device\n"
 511         "        write <imagefile>|-     write <imagefile> (use - for stdin) to device\n"
 512         "        jffs2write <file>       append <file> to the jffs2 partition on the device\n");
 513         if (mtd_fixtrx) {
 514             fprintf(stderr,
 515         "        fixtrx                  fix the checksum in a trx header on first boot\n");
 516         }
 517     fprintf(stderr,
 518         "Following options are available:\n"
 519         "        -q                      quiet mode (once: no [w] on writing,\n"
 520         "                                           twice: no status messages)\n"
 521         "        -n                      write without first erasing the blocks\n"
 522         "        -r                      reboot after successful command\n"
 523         "        -f                      force write without trx checks\n"
 524         "        -e <device>             erase <device> before executing the command\n"
 525         "        -d <name>               directory for jffs2write, defaults to \"tmp\"\n"
 526         "        -j <name>               integrate <file> into jffs2 data when writing an image\n"
 527         "        -p                      write beginning at partition offset\n");
 528         if (mtd_fixtrx) {
 529             fprintf(stderr,
 530         "        -o offset               offset of the image header in the partition(for fixtrx)\n");
 531     }
 532         fprintf(stderr,
 533 #ifdef FIS_SUPPORT
 534         "        -F <part>[:<size>[:<entrypoint>]][,<part>...]\n"
 535         "                                alter the fis partition table to create new partitions replacing\n"
 536         "                                the partitions provided as argument to the write command\n"
 537         "                                (only valid together with the write command)\n"
 538 #endif
 539         "\n"
 540         "Example: To write linux.trx to mtd4 labeled as linux and reboot afterwards\n"
 541         "         mtd -r write linux.trx linux\n\n");
 542         exit(1);
 543 }
 544
 545 static void do_reboot(void)
 546 {
 547         fprintf(stderr, "Rebooting ...\n");
 548         fflush(stderr);
 549
 550         /* try regular reboot method first */
 551         system("/sbin/reboot");
 552         sleep(2);
 553
 554         /* if we're still alive at this point, force the kernel to reboot */
 555         syscall(SYS_reboot,LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC1,LINUX_REBOOT_MAGIC2,LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_RESTART,NULL);
 556 }
 557
 558 int main (int argc, char **argv)
 559 {
 560         int ch, i, boot, imagefd = 0, force, unlocked;
 561         char *erase[MAX_ARGS], *device = NULL;
 562         char *fis_layout = NULL;
 563         size_t offset = 0, part_offset = 0;
 564         enum {
 565                 CMD_ERASE,
 566                 CMD_WRITE,
 567                 CMD_UNLOCK,
 568                 CMD_REFRESH,
 569                 CMD_JFFS2WRITE,
 570                 CMD_FIXTRX,
 571         } cmd = -1;
 572
 573         erase[0] = NULL;
 574         boot = 0;
 575         force = 0;
 576         buflen = 0;
 577         quiet = 0;
 578   no_erase = 0;
 579
 580         while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv,
 581 #ifdef FIS_SUPPORT
 582                         "F:"
 583 #endif
 584                         "frnqe:d:j:p:o:")) != -1)
 585                 switch (ch) {
 586                         case 'f':
 587                                 force = 1;
 588                                 break;
 589                         case 'r':
 590                                 boot = 1;
 591                                 break;
 592                         case 'n':
 593                                 no_erase = 1;
 594                                 break;
 595                         case 'j':
 596                                 jffs2file = optarg;
 597                                 break;
 598                         case 'q':
 599                                 quiet++;
 600                                 break;
 601                         case 'e':
 602                                 i = 0;
 603                                 while ((erase[i] != NULL) && ((i + 1) < MAX_ARGS))
 604                                         i++;
 605
 606                                 erase[i++] = optarg;
 607                                 erase[i] = NULL;
 608                                 break;
 609                         case 'd':
 610                                 jffs2dir = optarg;
 611                                 break;
 612                         case 'p':
 613                                 errno = 0;
 614                                 part_offset = strtoul(optarg, 0, 0);
 615                                 if (errno) {
 616                                         fprintf(stderr, "-p: illegal numeric string\n");
 617                                         usage();
 618                                 }
 619                                 break;
 620                         case 'o':
 621                                 if (!mtd_fixtrx) {
 622                                         fprintf(stderr, "-o: is not available on this platform\n");
 623                                         usage();
 624                                 }
 625                                 errno = 0;
 626                                 offset = strtoul(optarg, 0, 0);
 627                                 if (errno) {
 628                                         fprintf(stderr, "-o: illegal numeric string\n");
 629                                         usage();
 630                                 }
 631                                 break;
 632 #ifdef FIS_SUPPORT
 633                         case 'F':
 634                                 fis_layout = optarg;
 635                                 break;
 636 #endif
 637                         case '?':
 638                         default:
 639                                 usage();
 640                 }
 641         argc -= optind;
 642         argv += optind;
 643
 644         if (argc < 2)
 645                 usage();
 646
 647         if ((strcmp(argv[0], "unlock") == 0) && (argc == 2)) {
 648                 cmd = CMD_UNLOCK;
 649                 device = argv[1];
 650         } else if ((strcmp(argv[0], "refresh") == 0) && (argc == 2)) {
 651                 cmd = CMD_REFRESH;
 652                 device = argv[1];
 653         } else if ((strcmp(argv[0], "erase") == 0) && (argc == 2)) {
 654                 cmd = CMD_ERASE;
 655                 device = argv[1];
 656         } else if (((strcmp(argv[0], "fixtrx") == 0) && (argc == 2)) && mtd_fixtrx) {
 657                 cmd = CMD_FIXTRX;
 658                 device = argv[1];
 659         } else if ((strcmp(argv[0], "write") == 0) && (argc == 3)) {
 660                 cmd = CMD_WRITE;
 661                 device = argv[2];
 662
 663                 if (strcmp(argv[1], "-") == 0) {
 664                         imagefile = "<stdin>";
 665                         imagefd = 0;
 666                 } else {
 667                         imagefile = argv[1];
 668                         if ((imagefd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
 669                                 fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open image file: %s!\n", imagefile);
 670                                 exit(1);
 671                         }
 672                 }
 673
 674                 if (!mtd_check(device)) {
 675                         fprintf(stderr, "Can't open device for writing!\n");
 676                         exit(1);
 677                 }
 678                 /* check trx file before erasing or writing anything */
 679                 if (!image_check(imagefd, device) && !force) {
 680                         fprintf(stderr, "Image check failed.\n");
 681                         exit(1);
 682                 }
 683         } else if ((strcmp(argv[0], "jffs2write") == 0) && (argc == 3)) {
 684                 cmd = CMD_JFFS2WRITE;
 685                 device = argv[2];
 686
 687                 imagefile = argv[1];
 688                 if (!mtd_check(device)) {
 689                         fprintf(stderr, "Can't open device for writing!\n");
 690                         exit(1);
 691                 }
 692         } else {
 693                 usage();
 694         }
 695
 696         sync();
 697
 698         i = 0;
 699         unlocked = 0;
 700         while (erase[i] != NULL) {
 701                 mtd_unlock(erase[i]);
 702                 mtd_erase(erase[i]);
 703                 if (strcmp(erase[i], device) == 0)
 704                         unlocked = 1;
 705                 i++;
 706         }
 707
 708         switch (cmd) {
 709                 case CMD_UNLOCK:
 710                         if (!unlocked)
 711                                 mtd_unlock(device);
 712                         break;
 713                 case CMD_ERASE:
 714                         if (!unlocked)
 715                                 mtd_unlock(device);
 716                         mtd_erase(device);
 717                         break;
 718                 case CMD_WRITE:
 719                         if (!unlocked)
 720                                 mtd_unlock(device);
 721                         mtd_write(imagefd, device, fis_layout, part_offset);
 722                         break;
 723                 case CMD_JFFS2WRITE:
 724                         if (!unlocked)
 725                                 mtd_unlock(device);
 726                         mtd_write_jffs2(device, imagefile, jffs2dir);
 727                         break;
 728                 case CMD_REFRESH:
 729                         mtd_refresh(device);
 730                         break;
 731                 case CMD_FIXTRX:
 732                     if (mtd_fixtrx) {
 733                             mtd_fixtrx(device, offset);
 734             }
 735                         break;
 736         }
 737
 738         sync();
 739
 740         if (boot)
 741                 do_reboot();
 742
 743         return 0;
 744 }